SINGLE TEENAGE MOTHER WITH NEWBORN Research Paper

SINGLE TEENAGE MOTHER WITH NEWBORN - Research Paper Example A large number of young ladies get pregnant in the United States each year and the majority of them are the individuals who didn't take any prophylactic measure. High school pregnancy in the US is foreseen to associate with 1 million with 85 percent as spontaneous (Sams standard. 1). High school pregnancy, for certain moms, is a debacle for their lives however for other people, it is something of a gift. Research recommends that numerous malicious impacts can result from high school pregnancy-impacts that are mental, physical and social. This paper means to talk about what social issues do single adolescent moms experience and how the general public arrangements with them. The issue of high school pregnancies has consistently been considered as repulsive in all ages (Holgate, Evans and Yuen). Duncan examined what impacts high school pregnancies had on social results for the mother and found that albeit young pregnancies are relied upon to cause the single parent to endure inwardly, s ocially monetarily, still much of the time the mother see the social results as positive and think of it as a wonderful encounter remaining associated with the kid. Gillham (11) found that solitary high school moms feel good and ground-breaking. He led an exploration around 533 single high school moms who originated from lower financial status. ... In this manner, for some single high school moms, their pregnancy and labor comes as an open door as opposed to annihilation (Duncan). Kidger, while talking about the highlights of the New Labour’s Strategy as a piece of the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy, expresses that the approach will in general offer the single young moms better instruction and work so as to spare them from long haul social avoidance. In any case, Kidger states that the endeavors for making the social incorporation workable for high school moms will bring about urging them to grow progressively personal connections in adolescent. Female young people will begin accepting their pregnancy as a substantial alternative and a chance to profit better openings for work. Giullari additionally closed from his investigation that such strategies are really supporting the high school pregnancies instead of controlling them. In spite of positive results experienced by many single high schooler moms, it is difficult to disr egard the disgrace appended to the idea of young pregnancy. Social separation, bias and late advancement have offered ascend to the need of versatile mothering practice that high school moms ought to use to take care of their youngsters (McDermott and Graham). Research likewise affirms that working single parents who are in their youngsters need to experience the ill effects of social prohibition because of which they need to mother in poor conditions. They need to create kinfolk relations and a solid mother-kid relationship to pick up the personality of a decent mother. This makes youthful mother rehearses hasty however confined by social imbalances. Single high school moms have been criticized by the general public to such an extent that this discernment has made incredible negative effects on their lives and their

Social Work in canada Essay Example

Social Work in canada Essay Example Social Work in canada Essay Social Work in canada Essay Exposition Topic: The Social Contract Learning Goals In this module understudies will have the option to look at and examine: The contrasts between social administrations conveyed by the administration (open division), the deliberate segment (non-benefits and the private part (for benefits The projects conveyed by every segment; The qualities and shortcomings of every one of these ways to deal with administration conveyance; Ethical issues identified with administration conveyance; The hugeness of casual aides; and, The purchaser development. The ideas of casual aides and the customer development will be characterized in the module. 2 Readings and Guiding Questions Required Readings While perusing the talk notes for this module, you will be Instructed, at different focuses, to peruse certain parts from your Turner and Turner course book and additionally to peruse assets found on the Internet. The following Is a synopsis of the necessary readings found in this module? It Is basic that you read these assets as you could be tried on the last test of the year. Turner and Turner, Chapter 14: Agencies in General Turner and Turner, Chapter 26: Informal Helping and Mutual Aid Turner and Turner, Chapter 15: Industries and the Provision of Social Services Part 1: Read Turner and Turner, Chapter 14: Agencies in General. Note areas that address the issue of financing. ) Then, in light of your perusing, answer the accompanying inquiries recorded as a hard copy in your own private notes: 1 . How does the deliberate segment discover the cash for its programming? 2. In part 14, page 21 5, the creator expresses that The ongoing approach goals of financial limitation and lie have made the acquisition of administrations from business suppliers alluring to governments. What's your opinion of these strategy destinations? She proceeds to give as one reason for this engaging quality as expanded productivity through rivalry What political belief system do you think this presents? Do you concur or oppose this idea? Issues identified with equivocation keep on being fervently discussed, while the business division develops and flourishes. 3. Look at the same number of the financing hotspots for the three divisions as you can discover in your content. Clarify one quality and one restriction that exists for every segment in conveying responsive social administrations. Section 2: Read Turner, Chapter 26: Informal Helping and Mutual Aid. Utilize the accompanying inquiries to assist you with focusing on and comprehend the key ideas and thoughts In the readings. Scribble down your thoughts for your future audit. 1 . Universe, the creator of this part, makes the accompanying statement (as noted beneath). Name the three significant reasons he gives for this adjustment In demeanor. There are various reasons why experts are presently less inclined to consider Informal to be of aiding as irrelevant, adversarial, or serious. 2. How does Cosmos characterize 3. For what reason are social assistance experts so far down the rundown when individuals think about searching for help? 4. Clarify the distinction between common guide and self improvement gatherings? Give three instances of each. 5. Both the conventional help framework and the casual area have qualities and shortcomings. Name one significant quality and one soft spot for each. Section 3: Click on the connections underneath and see what governments do in the territory of social government assistance and social arrangement. Explore around a piece so you become acquainted with the destinations (five or ten minutes each will do). Saskatchewan Ministry of Social Services Human Resources and Skills Development Canada 3 Introduction Read the accompanying case of a network venture. Search for the expected objective or objectives in this model and check whether you can recognize potential issues in meeting these objectives. The objective of the Youth Futures administration conveyance was to aid the advancement f individual and monetary independence for a specific customer gathering. This objective isn't remarkable. On account of Youth Futures, the customer bunch comprised of youthful grown-ups on social help. The dominant part were of Aboriginal lineage and an enormous number were single guardians, essentially ladies. These two gatherings and their relationship to individual and monetary prosperity will be examined all the more completely in ensuing modules. Hang tight For now, consider the potential needs of this specific customer bunch as you read through the accompanying data. Inquiry Pose to yourself how their needs may be dressed through an alternate help conveyance approach that would effectively accomplish the expressed objective. Youth Futures was a pilot venture actualized by the commonplace government in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan in 1997. The motivation behind the undertaking was to give instruction and Job preparing open doors for low-pay 18-multi year olds. The administration needed to decrease the rising number of individuals on social help and accepted that offering administrations to youthful grown-ups could break the government assistance cycle. The achievement of the pilot would decide if this methodology ought to be reached out all through the region. Three government services currently titled, Social Services; Education; and Advanced Education Employment and Labor, started and coordinated the venture. Delegates from these services shaped a guiding advisory group in Prince Albert. They employed an executive and welcomed network individuals to take an interest on the panel. The people group individuals included Aboriginal older folks and delegates of the 18-multi year old customer gathering. The venture executive and agents of the guiding board of trustees recruited five staff individuals to work legitimately with the youthful grown-ups. In October, around 350 customers were moved from Social Services to Youth true to form to meet with one of the five staff individuals to build up an activity plan and afterward to assess the plans achievement in future gatherings. The opportunities for activity plans included: going to secondary school or ASSIST to finish a Grade 12, taking an interest in a fundamental abilities course or a Job preparing system of under 11 weeks, or accomplishing charitable effort. Youth Futures included a change in budgetary help. Prior to the exchange from Social Services, essential everyday costs, for example, lease and utilities had been paid legitimately by the administration. Customers got two little cheeses, one close to the center and the there toward the month's end, to cover food and minor costs just, and any distribution for day care was attached to program participation. Structures were submitted and confirmed before any cash was discharged. To advance toward the expected objective of independence, every Youth Futures customer presently got a full line once per month to cover their fundamental needs; lease, utilities and food, in addition to childcare cash for the individuals who were going to programs and had wards. The desire was for them to acknowledge money related obligation. A last report discharged in March 1999 gave data about the Youth Futures craftsmans. During the historical backdrop of the task, over 68% had been female, 52. 5% had at any rate one ward, and 87% were of Aboriginal family line. Albeit a few insights were cited in regards to progress rates, the evaluator noticed that a framework had not been accessible toward the start of the undertaking to record the activities taken with customers and their results. Notwithstanding this methodological issue, an immense measure of composed information that existed joined with a lot of missing or not-entered information made a significant quantitative examination troublesome. The task worked until March 2000. Around then the legislature pulled back the financing and the venture shut. No explanation was imminent. The 1999-2000 Annual Report from Saskatchewan Post Secondary Education and Skills Training, as Advanced Education Employment and Labor was then called, just showed: Section 2. 4. 3. Actualize a pilot venture to test approaches for furnishing youth on social help with instruction, preparing, work understanding and different backings to become independent. The 2-year pilot in Prince Albert, Youth Futures, (1997/98 and 1998/99), to help youth in making the change to adulthood and turning out to be contributing ashes of society was supported for an extra year to empower assessment. It closed on March 31, 2000. This is a short glance at one case of conveying administration to a network. Extra data with respect to the Youth Futures venture is accessible upon demand from the Ask. Branch of Community Resources. 4 The Government (Public Sector) As we learned in the module on social arrangement, financial matters and political belief system decide the degree of government association in conveying social administrations. The supposition that will be that legislatures which are increasingly situated towards a communist philosophy modify and to have authority over their conveyance. Governments with a preservationist belief system limit their association in offering direct administrations and support conveyance is given principally by the deliberate or private part. However, globalization and free enterprise when all is said in done have made a situation whereby all legislatures seem to work somewhere close to communist and preservationist philosophies. The accentuation is on obligation decrease, monetary security, and on guaranteeing that the incredible business class isn't estranged or miserable. An ongoing case of government philosophy deciding social strategy is found in the region of kid care. Under the Liberal legislature of Prime Minister Paul Martin understandings were closed with most regions during 2004-2006 whereby the central government would generously build subsidizing of day care programs that would expand the quantity of spaces and the nature of care in authorized offices. In January 2006 a Conservative government was chosen which very quickly dropped the Liberal day care understandings and organized a software engineer which would move $1200/year to families for every kid under six paying little mind to salary level. This has all the earmarks of being an administration with a preservationist belief system establishing an all inclusive aerogram yet with restricted application (youngsters under six) and much decreased subsidizing which as it were

UEA Internship Panel

UEA Internship Panel The Undergraduate Economics Association (UEA) sponsored a dinner and internship panel for anyone interested in a career or degree in economics. (Ive pasted some excerpts from the UEA email in italics.) The complimentary dinner was catered by Vinny Testas of Boston. We took a cab back because we had so much food. My legs are burning from the 30 pounds of Farfalle Con Pollo resting on them. Two economists meet on the street. One inquires, Hows your wife/husband? The other responds, Relative to what? Q: What does an economist do? A: A lot in the short run, which amounts to nothing in the long run. 7:30-8:00 pm Sophomore Welcome Dinner (all years encouraged to attend!) If you are a sophomore, come meet your new course 14 classmates! Upperclassmen are also encouraged to attend, to mix with sophomores, share tips about classes, socialize and enjoy the free food. Freshmen welcome too! Veena 06 (striped shirt) worked for the OMB through her participation in the Washington Summer Internship Program (MIT). If all economists were laid end to end they would not reach a conclusion. George Bernard Shaw 8:00-9:00 pm Economics Internship Panel Hear tips from fellow course 14ers who have interned for Putnam Associates, The Office of Management and Budget, The Brookings Institute, UBS and Lehman Brothers. Well give you the low-down on everything from how to get an interview to how to succeed once youre there. Learn how your degree helps you navigate the real world of business, banking and government. I had the honor of being the moderator for this amazing panel, and here are the questions I asked: 1. Please briefly summarize your summer experiences Where were you? For whom did you work? What did you do? 2. How did the skills you learned from MIT apply to your job? 3. What were the best and worst things about your summer internship? 4. How did you find your internship? 5. What kind of career does your internship lead up to? 6. What advice do you have to the audience? The event went very well, and I found the panelists advice on internships very helpful. Yeah we do. (And no, this slogan will never get old.)

Essay on Proper Etiquette and Interview Skills - 4152 Words

Proper Etiquette and Interview Skills Business Etiquette Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client. People may feel that if you cant be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do. Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously. Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people (and making them comfortable around you!) Being a good conversationalist To be a successful conversationalist, you must also believe that listening is power. Because our society places so much emphasis on speaking as the way†¦show more content†¦So what you say (the words you use) and your tone of voice become much more important, as does your ability to listen and respond. The words you use on the telephone should be positive. Use words like challenge, solution, success, we, I, our, your, opportunity, can, good, between assignments. Avoid words like cant, wont, dont, havent, unsuccessful, failure, problem, bad, unemployed, retired, fired. Stand while doing a phone interview. Smile into the phone. The tone of your voice should be clear and enthusiastic. Dont sound disinterested, mumble words or be monotonous in your tone. Dont chew gum, smoke or eat during phone interview. Get your thoughts in order. Be prepared to tell the prospective employer why you want the job, and why you are qualified for it. Use the opportunity to gather more information about the opening and the company. Do your homework. Take time to conduct preliminary research on prospective employers. This will allow you to ask targeted questions during your conversation and give you a competitive edge when it comes to securing an opportunity to interview in person. Be prepared. Create a hot sheet for every job for which you apply, and keep it close to the phone for easy accessibility. Your list should include the name of the hiring authority, questions you want to ask and points youd like to make during the interview. Also, have a copy of your resume on hand. Speak formally. Approach the phone interview with the sameShow MoreRelatedSocial Bullying And Cyberbullying1088 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"†¦there is obviously something wrong with the bully, from a lack of manners to an over-inflated sense of self to a bad situation in their own lives,† (Getz). Yes, cyberbullying is what happens when the youth are not educated on the proper forms of digital etiquette such as â€Å"If you hav e nothing nice to post, don’t post it at all!† It is important to understand the riskier, more impulsive behavior that is behind every teenager with access to the Internet. 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The Pluralists View on Media Ownership Essay example

The Pluralists View on Media Ownership The majority of the pluralists would argue that the public have the power to resist the media and have the ability to use the media and have an input (air their views) rather than be controlled by the media. They also believe that we can affect the media because we live in a democracy thus enabling us to choose whether we decide to read a paper or watch the BBC news and therefore have a minority influence. To some extent pluralists believe that the media responds to public demand rather than the public responding to media demands [by this I mean if the public want to know about a certain story then the media is likely to provide a story, however it can be†¦show more content†¦With pluralists believing in a democracy they believe that anyone can change what they want and if linked to the media, the public can air their views whenever they want to. However through another theory Marxism it can be argued that even if someone from the working class can express their view, the re will always be someone higher up than that person (bourgeoisies) who will have more power, control and influence on what is expressed in the media. Without a great deal of cash its also harder for proletariats to sustain an opinion in the media without having the wealth the bourgeoisies possess. Supporting the claim from Post-modernists that the media is in fact not controlled by bourgeoisies or anyone is that the media can be titled as free in which the majority of views can be expressed before any real censorship is concluded and the only censorship that can be used is if the media owner decides that the story or view is unsuitable to broadcast. However this view can cross over with the post-modernists view on anything goes. Comparing both Marxism and post modernism one can argue that with the majority of views being aired nowadays [e.g. Robert Kilroy Silks article on terrorism] anyone can put across a view yet the higher up you are in the hierarchy the more likely your view can be expressed due to one possessing more power to manipulate and control the media. Another factorShow MoreRelatedEssay on Diversity and Society and Diversity in the Meda789 Words   |  4 Pagesand Society and Diversity in the Meda The media is an integral part of modern day society, our lives can be shaped by it, and our views can be a product of the medias influence. Society is greatly diverse in terms of views, class and ethnicity, this diversity is reflected in the media. Pluralism is a sociological theory that acknowledges media diversity. 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The new graduate Free Essays

The new graduate nurses (NGN) are faced with various issues and challenges especially in their first year of nursing practice. The period of transition from a student to a graduate nurse is a demanding period that is filled with new experiences and there are several concerns and factors that can affect the transition process. The research into the issues has recommended some strategies that can be utilised to ease the transition process from being a student to a professional practicing nurse. We will write a custom essay sample on The new graduate or any similar topic only for you Order Now Exhaustion, reality shock and time management are some of the actors and issues that the new graduate might encounter during their first year in their career. There are several recommended programs, which have been developed to address the issues that influence the transition period such as mentoring, support networks and time management planners. This essay will discuss in detail the range of issues, as well as the strategies and resources to facilitate the adjustment to the new role of a new registered nurse. Romyn et al. 2009) states some factors that influence the transition period from a student to a graduate nurse and how quickly newly graduate nurses are able to emonstrate mastery of their new role including personal qualities of the individual registered nurse such as age, previous work experience, maturity and aspirations. It was found that students who have worked as nursing assistants seemed to do better in their role as they had early hands-on experience. Other factors in clude the quality of educational preparation received during their pre-registration nursing program and the period of clinical experiences. Also, the duration and quality of transition programs for new graduates which is provided by institutions of employment, the ttitudes and behavior of the more experienced nurses in employing institutions as well as the demands been placed on the registered nurse in clinical situations (Chang Daly, 2012). Fink, Krugman, Casey and Goode (2008) found that the transition of graduate nurses from a student into a professional practice setting is a concern, which is long- standing and widely recognised as a period of stress, reality shock and role adjustment. This is often due to the fact the students are been observed by a nurse when performing clinical tasks. Once the student graduates, they experience reality shock, when they try to adjust to their new role. Reality shock is a term used to describe a gap between what the students are taught to expect, and what is actually experienced during their early stages of work and often the shock occurs when the new graduate nurses discover it difficult to integrate the knowledge obtained in the university into their daily protessional practice. Moreover they discover there is a theory- practice gap as the theory they have been taught in lectures differs to the theory required in a clinical setting (Vieira da Silva et al. , 2010). Duchscher (2008) states that the discrepancies between what graduates understand s nursing from the real world of delivery of health care service compared to their education leaves the new nursing graduates with a sense of groundlessness. The nursing environment moves the new graduates away from the nursing practice adopted in their educational process towards a more productive, efficient and achievement-oriented context that places importance on institutionally imposed social goals which leads to role ambiguity and internal conflict. Duclos-Miller (2011) identified that role stress, role overload and role ambiguity all contribute to transition issues. Role stress is the incongruence between perceived xpectations, role and achievements, which occurs due to the status change from a student to graduate nurse. Furthermore, difficulty experienced from the challenges of the new role, such as lack of consistent and clear information about the behavior expected from them, lack of clearly specified responsibilities, lack of confidence, as well as coping with the beginning level of competence as a registered nurse (Duclos- Miller, 2011). Role ambiguity is the lack of information needed for role definition and behavior that is expected in their new role, which includes the psychological, social aspects of role performance. Whereas, role overload includes learning of new roles, difficulty with time management and prioritising task. Also other stressors include the feeling of not being competent, encountering new procedures and situations, fear of making mistakes due to increased workload and working with experienced staff nurses that are unwilling to assist (Duclos-Miller, 2011). West, Ahern, Byrnes and Kwanten (2007) indicate that the new graduate nurses may have not worked full-time in the past; given that graduate nurses begin their career with a full-time Job can lead to exhaustion. It was discovered that shift work leads to esynchronisation of physiologically determined circadian rhythms which has a major psychobiology effect and it is commonly perceived the effects of shift work contribute to graduate nurses attrition rate. The NGNs often have a high level of stress due to disturbed sleeping patterns, as they find to adaption to shift work or rotating work hours difficult. Eventually, it leads to feelings of lack of Job satisfaction, exhaustion and spending of less time with their friends and family, which can eventually could lead to burnout (West et al. 2007). Dyess and Sherman (2009) found that new graduate nurses expressed concerns bout their ability to delegate and supervise other nurses or unlicensed assistive personnel as they felt unprepared to deal with any type of conflict, they tend to avoid any type of situation rather than confront the situation, as they felt unequipped to explore to conflict professionally. Another issue encountered by the NGN is the ability to communicate witn physicians and other members ot the multidisciplinary team ot which interactions with physicians were a source of anxiety and stress. Moreover, the lack of professional confidence that new graduate may feel can be heightened, when nother professional expresses disgust or uses a gruff tone. This is a safety issue because a sense of insecurity can contribute to the NGN avoiding contact with the physician, unless a patient experiences an extreme physiological decline (Dyess Sherman, 2009). Morrow (2009) states that most graduate nurses experience horizontal violence in their first year of practice, they felt undervalued and neglected by other nurses and experienced rude and humiliating verbal statements and unjust criticism. The most common form of horizontal violence was in form of psychological harassment, which ncludes intimidation, exclusion, and innuendos. The cumulative impact may lead to absenteeism and frustration that may lead to the consideration of leaving the nursing profession (Morrow, 2009). In order for the factors and issues that surround the transition from a student to a graduate nurse to be addressed, certain strategies needs to be implemented that can ease the transition period. An Important strategy that can be implemented to assist the graduate nurses to assimilate into a professional working environment is a graduate program. It will aid to build the confidence of the new graduate nurse hrough the provision of support and mentorship during their period of adjustment, and assist the new nurse to assimilate into the hospital environment, think critically and problem solve which will allow the graduates to deal with obstacles encountered in patient care and prepare them for a lifelong learning and also help them in the integration of theory to practice (Davey Vittrup, 2009). The creation of formal preceptor and mentorship is an effective strategy to facilitate a successful transition. A preceptor is an assigned role in which a capable employee assists with the development and orientation of the new graduate; they are usually esponsible for evaluation and supervising the work of the preceptee. However, a mentor actively supports the graduate nurse with personal and career development, personal support, counseling and acceptance. Also, they help the novice nurse to raise their confidence and recognise their limitations. In addition, mentors help novice nurses in setting realistic goals by recommending appropriate courses of action (Ellis Hartley, 2012). NGN require resources and information that are designed to facilitate their adjustment in a clinical area, which will enable them to gain skills and knowledge to perform satisfactorily in their Job. Resources such as an orientation program involves the induction of a NGN to the organisational mission and vision statement, as well as an introduction to the procedures and policies related to nursing activities such as medication administration. An appropriate orientation and induction program will ensure that a NGN can safely plan and conduct patient care. In addition, with an appropriate orientation program the NGN is aware of the overall culture of the hospital, which can make the NGN to teel accepted and part ot a team in a clinical environment, which can promote overall positive outcomes with workplace atisfaction of the NGN (Burgess D’ Hondt, 2007). Effective strategies that enhance the time management skills which is one of the above mentioned issue for new graduates are to arrive to work much earlier, avoiding distractors such as focusing on issues of co-workers, assess patients to note if any extra supplies will be needed to carry out clinical procedures, keeping shift record on track and to chart during the shift and not at the end of the shift and prioritise task to be performed (Booth, 2011). However, to prioritise task the novice nurse needs to learn how to delegate. First, to enhance the skill the nurse should consider how others have delegated to them, consider their body language when delegating by maintaining eye contact, being pleasant and leave any room for suggestions, but ensure they are not intimidated by writing a list of task and posting it at the nurses station, it leaves little room for a misunderstanding (Cherry ; Jacob, 2008). How to cite The new graduate, Papers

The Johari Window Essay Sample free essay sample

Joseph Luft and Harry Ingram created the Johari Window technique in 1955 in the United States. used to assist people better understand their mental instability. It is a simple and utile tool for understanding and training self-awareness. personal development. bettering communications. interpersonal relationships. group kineticss. squad development and intergroup relationships. This theoretical account particularly relevant due to emphasis on and influence of. ‘soft’ accomplishments. behaviour. empathy. cooperation. inter-group development and interpersonal development. This new appraisal technique helps in understanding people’s behaviour. possible. direction manners. interpersonal accomplishments and attitudes. An of import consideration in human resources be aftering. occupation profiling. enlisting interviewing and choice. direction development. client dealingss and client service. and more. The Model Explanation of the four quarter-circles: Quadrant I This is the known or public country where all the information associating to the person on his or her behavior. attitudes. feelings. desires. thoughts. aspiration. etc. are known to the ego every bit good as others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Johari Window Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Quadrant II This is the unsighted country where all the information associating to the person on his or her behavior. attitudes. feelings. desires. thoughts. aspiration. etc. are non known to the ego but known to others like personal qualities. feelings. pent-up experiences. Quadrant III This is the concealed country where all the information associating to the person on his or her behavior. attitudes. feelings. desires. thoughts. aspiration. etc. are known to the ego but unknown to others like deep secrets and desires. close personal events. etc. Quadrant IV This is the unknown country where all the information associating to the person on his or her behavior. attitudes. feelings. desires. thoughts. aspiration. etc. are non known to the ego and besides non known to others: unknown to all similar suppressions. irresistible impulses. compulsions. etc. Interpersonal dealingss improves in its effectivity when a individual negotiations about him or herself by self revelation or exposure to derive self cognition and allow others cognize the individual. Self consciousness improves farther when others tell a individual about his or her behavior. etc. which is called feedback. JW analysis for SANJUKTA QI. Sanjukta’s public country where all the information associating to her behavior. attitudes. feelings. desires. thoughts. aspiration are known to the ego every bit good as others. is the smallest quarter-circle of her JW which shows that she merely portions the above mentioned things to really few people. She is friendly to most people but has a really restrained nature and doesn’t want to go vulnerable by unwraping herself to others. QII. This is the unsighted country where information non known to the ego but known to others like personal qualities. feelings. pent-up experiences is besides little for her which indicates that there is merely small that she doesn’t know about herself but this country can be reduced farther by increasing the unfastened country if her interaction with people becomes more candid. QIII. This is the country where all the information are known to the ego but unknown to others like deep secrets and desires. close personal events is rather large for her indicating she is close and likes to maintain her desires and aspirations unexposed from others. QIV. The unknown country where information is non known to the ego and besides non known to others: unknown to all similar suppressions. irresistible impulses. compulsions is besides rather large for Sanjukta which indicates that she still needs to detect a batch about herself. JW analysis for SURAJIT QI. Surajit’s public country which is known to the ego every bit good as others. is the largest quarter-circle of his JW which shows that he portions his dreams and aspirations to most people. QII. This is the unsighted country where information non known to the ego but known to others like personal qualities. feelings. pent-up experiences is besides rather large indicating there are besides many things that he doesn’t know about himself but others know them. QIII. This is the country where all the information are known to the ego but unknown to others like deep secrets and desires. close personal events is little bespeaking he is non really close and likes to portion his aspirations and programs with others. QIV. The unknown country where information is non known to the ego and besides non known to others: unknown to all similar suppressions. irresistible impulses. compulsions is besides rather little for him bespeaking that he merely needs to make small soul seeking to unearth the yet to be discovered endowments in him. JW analysis for SREELEKHA QI. Sreelekha’s public country which is known to the ego every bit good as others. is rather little which shows that she doesn’t portions her dreams and aspirations to most people. QII. This is the unsighted country where information non known to the ego but known to others like personal qualities. feelings. and pent-up experiences is the smallest quarter-circle of her JW indicating there are few things that he doesn’t know about herself but others know them. QIII. This is the country where all the information are known to the ego but unknown to others like deep secrets and desires. close personal events is the largest indicating she is really close and disfavors to portion aspirations and programs with others. QIV. The unknown country where information is non known to the ego and besides non known to others: unknown to all similar suppressions. irresistible impulses. compulsions is besides rather large for her indicating that she needs to make tonss of psyche seeking to unearth the yet to be discovered endowments in her. JW analysis for ARPANA QI. Arpana’s public country which is known to the ego every bit good as others. is rather large which shows that she t portions her dreams and aspirations with most people. QII. This is the unsighted country where information non known to the ego but known to others like personal qualities. feelings. and pent-up experiences is the besides rather large indicating there are many things that she doesn’t know about herself but others know them. QIII. This is the country where all the information are known to the ego but unknown to others like deep secrets and desires. close personal events is a optimal size bespeaking she is non really close and likes to portion aspirations and programs with others. QIV. The unknown country where information is non known to the ego and besides non known to others: unknown to all similar suppressions. irresistible impulses. compulsions is similar in size as her hidden ego which for her indicats that she needs to make tonss of psyche seeking to unearth the yet to be discovered endowments in her. Transactional Analysis It is a theoretical account of people and relationshipsThe Model is based on two beliefs: 1. A individual has 3 parts or provinces of being to their personality called ego provinces known as parent. grownup and kid 2. When a individual converses with another individual he does so from one peculiar self-importance province to the other person’s one peculiar self-importance province. This procedure is called a dealing. Ego provinces: * Parent – The messages learnt till the age of 5 old ages and repeated throughout the life of an person as subjective and judgmental – â€Å"don’t do this† ; â€Å"that is bad† Controling parent – nags. bounds. directs. controls Fostering parent – loving. caring. back uping. fostering* Adult – This self-importance province gives. receives. asks for informations. procedures informations and is appraising. logical. sensible. mature * Child – The emotions and feelings associated with the external stimulation. These excessively are learned till the age of 5 old ages.Natural kid – playful. Frank A ; unfastenedSmall professor – innovative. researching. originativeAdaptive kid – seting. tantrums into the surrounding environment Minutess can be complementary or crossed In complementary minutess the reacting self-importance province is the having self-importance province i. e. . if the initiating dealing is from P to C. so the response is from C to P. These are healthy and normal minutess. In crossed minutess the response is non from the self-importance province to which the stimulation was sent. The method of analysisOur highest mark is our prevailing self-importance province. nevertheless all of these are about grades. the farther we move into peculiar range the more likely it is that we will exhibit this behavior. The fantastic thing is that we are all different. This is our deep-rooted voice of authorization. absorbed conditioning. acquisition and attitudes from when we were immature. Our parents. instructors. older people. next-door neighbors. aunts and uncles conditioned us from an early age. Our parent is made up of a immense figure of concealed and open recorded playbacks. Typically embodied by phrases and attitudes get downing with ‘how to’ . ‘under no circumstances’ . ‘always’ and ‘never forget’ . ‘don’t prevarication. darnel. steal’ . etc. etc. Our parent is formed by external events and influences upon us as we grow through early childhood. It is likely that the chief majority of this influence will be during the formative old ages of 0 – 5 old ages old. What the mark says about you:1. If your tonss are within 4 of each other. you have a balance 2. If your nurturing parent is 6 or supra. you might be prone to being a soft touch – you likely don’t like struggle 3. If your commanding parent is 6 or supra. opportunities are you have a inclination to seize with teeth. but this will intend you are better able to cover with struggle. Sample words and phrases demonstrated by the Parent self-importance province: Should. don’t. must. ought. ever. neer. now what. if I were you. allow me assist you. because I said so. don’t ask inquiries. do non upset. be good. what will the neighbors say. at that place at that place. You are: bad. good. stupid. ugly. beautiful. smart. pathetic. naughty. immorality. talented. cute. all moisture. atrocious. a test. a approval. a terror. an angel. absurd. shocking. Try. don’t be afraid ; come on now ; see. it doesn’t injury ; don’t worry ; I’ll take attentio n of you ; here’s something to do you experience better. Gestures and positions demonstrated by the Parent self-importance province:Indicating an accusing or baleful finger ; a rap on the dorsum ; comforting touch ; thumping on the tabular array ; turn overing eyes upward in disgust ; tapping pess or contorting custodies in restlessness ; agitating caput to connote ‘no-no’ or ‘OK! ’ Arms folded across thorax with chin set ; face tilted up looking down nose ; keeping and/or swaying person. Tone of voice demonstrated by the Parent self-importance province:Sneering. punitory. condescending. promoting. supportive. and sympathetic. Facial look demonstrated by the Parent self-importance province:Scowl ; promoting nod ; furrowed forehead ; set jaw ; angry ; sympathetic or proud eyes ; smiling ; frown ; loving ; hostile ; disapproving. Our grownup is our ability to believe and find action for ourselves. based on received informations. The grownup in us begins to organize at about 10 months old. and is the agencies by which we keep our parent and child under control. If we are to alter our parent or kid we must make so through our grownup. What the mark says about you: 1. 9-11 is a typical mark2. 12-16 indicates person who asks the right figure of inquiries and is likely to be a natural determination shaper 3. 8 or less indicates that you might be a spot headlong and prone to non garnering adequate information before doing a determination 4. Above 16 indicates that you might inquire excessively many inquiries and be loath to do determinations. This can blockade the flow of work and might rag others Sample words and phrases demonstrated by the Adult self-importance province: How ; when ; who ; what ; where ; why ; chance ; alternate ; consequence ; yes ; no ; what are the facts ; what has been done to rectify it so far ; it’s 4. 30 p. m. ; what are the grounds ; have you tried this ; this is how it works ; let’s see the options ; let’s look for the causes ; harmonizing to the information to manus. ; alteration is indicated ; the meeting is at two. Gestures and positions demonstrated by the Adult self-importance province:Straight ( non stiff ) position. oculus contact that’s degree ; listening by giving feedback and look intoing out understanding ; interested. Mirrors and lucifers. Tone of voice demonstrated by the Adult self-importance province:Clear without undue emotion ; composure ; straight ; confident ; asking and giving information. Facial look demonstrated by the Adult self-importance province:Thoughtful ; watching attentively ; mocking ; lively ; here and now reactivity ; eyes alert ; confident. Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the kid. This is the seeing. hearing. feeling. and emotional organic structure of informations within each of us. When choler or desperation dominates ground. the kid is in control. Like our parent we can alter it. but it’s non easy. The profile represents the existent ( inner ) you. We have a inclination to do a ‘coat’ for ourselves based on things we experience in ulterior life. ‘If I talk to him he shouts at me. so I don’t talk to him any longer. ’ How many times do we believe ‘I wish I hadn’t said that’ . This is frequently an indicant that the ‘real us’ has escaped. What Your mark says about you: 1. 6 to 8 is a typical mark2. Less than 6 suggests that you might be prone to sarcasm and sometimes be seen to hold a ‘chip on your shoulder’ . 3. More than 8 and you are a high kid. If this is the instance and your commanding parent is much higher than your nurturing parent. you are likely to be prone to being a spot rattlebrained at times. If the opposite applies i. e. your nurturing parent is much higher than your commanding parent ( and as a effect you don’t like struggle ) . opportunities are you might hold a wont of holding with anyone to avoid it. Sample words and phrases demonstrated by the Child self-importance province: Gosh. belly laugh ; can’t ; won’t ; want ; wish ; mine ; expression at me now ; did I do all right ; I’m scared ; assist me ; make it for me ; cipher loves me ; you make me call ; it’s your mistake ; I didn’t make it ; he’s no good ; mine is better than yours ; you’ll be regretful ; I want to travel place ; let’s drama. Gestures and positions demonstrated by the Child self-importance province:Slumped ; dejected ; temper fits ; batting ciliums ; joyful or gladdened position ; curving up ; jumping ; writhing ; nose thumbing ; ( other obscene gestures ) ; nail biting ; raising manus to talk. Tone of voice demonstrated by the Child self-importance province:Giggling ; rippling ; whining ; pull stringsing ; sweet talk ; inquiring permission ; curse ; malice ; badgering ; sullen silence ; teasing ; goading ; belly express joying ; exhilaration ; speaking fast and loud ; gaiety. Facial look demonstrated by the Child self-importance province:Teary eyed ; pouting ; eyes looking upward at another ; downcast eyes ; joyousness ; excited ; funny ; tilted caput ; flirty ; looking guiltless and childlike ; weakness ; esteem. TA analysis for SANJUKTATonss:Parent: ( caring=9 critical=10 ) Total = 19Adult: Entire = 14Child: Entire = 9 Interpretation:a. Nurturing parent of 9 indicates that Sanjukta might be prone to being a soft touch and likely doesn’t like struggle B. Controling parent of 10 indicates that there are opportunities Sanjukta has a inclination to seize with teeth. but this will intend that she is better at covering with struggle c. An grownup mark of 14 indicates her as person who asks the right figure of inquiries and is likely to be a natural determination shaper d. A mark of 9 indicates that Sanjukta is a high kid. In this instance because her controlling parent is higher than the nurturing parent. she is likely to be prone to being a spot rattlebrained at times TA analysis for SURAJITTonss:Parent: ( caring=8 critical=8 ) Total = 16Adult: Entire = 13Child: Entire = 9 Interpretation:a. His nurturing parent is 8 which means he might be prone to being a soft touch and likely doesn’t like struggle B. His commanding parent is 8. opportunities are that he might hold a inclination to seize with teeth. but this means that he is better able to cover with struggle c. An grownup mark of 13 indicates him as person who asks the right figure of inquiries and is likely to be a natural determination shaper d. A mark of 9 indicates that Surajit is a high kid TA analysis for SREELEKHATonss:Parent: ( caring=7 critical=11 ) Total = 18Adult: Entire = 11Child: Entire = 9 Interpretation:a. Her nurturing parent is 7 which means she might be prone to being a soft touch and likely doesn’t like struggle B. Her controlling parent is 11. opportunities are that he might hold a inclination to seize with teeth. but this means that he is better able to cover with struggle c. 11 is a typical mark d. A mark of 9 indicates that Sreelekha is a high kid. In this instance because her controlling parent is higher than the nurturing parent. she is likely to be prone to being a spot rattlebrained at times TA analysis for ARPANATonss:Parent: ( caring=11 critical=7 ) Total = 18Adult: Entire = 14Child: Entire = 15 Interpretation:a. Her nurturing parent is 11 which means she might be prone to being a soft touch and likely doesn’t like struggle B. Her controlling parent is 7. opportunities are that he might hold a inclination to seize with teeth. but this means that he is better able to cover with struggle c. An grownup mark of 14 indicates him as person who asks the right figure of inquiries and is likely to be a natural determination shaper d. A mark of 9 indicates that Arpana is a high kid Stroke analysis A shot is a unit of attending which provides stimulation to persons. – Woollams and Brown in 1978. TYPES OF STROKES1. INTERNAL: phantasies. ego congratulations. and other signifiers of self stimulation. 2. External: shots from others are of import for healthy life. 3. CONDITIONAL: the shot is for something – â€Å"I like your coat† . 4. UNCONDITIONAL: the shot is for being you – â€Å"I love you† ( POSITIVE: â€Å"I love you† NEGATIVE: â€Å"I hatred you†. ) 5. STROKE VALUE: â€Å"I love you† will transport more energy say 10. whereas â€Å"Hi† may merely transport say a value of 2. 6. FILTERED STROKES: â€Å"I see you have a new coat† can be changed / filtered to negative or positive shots with the individual stating to himself â€Å"He likes / doesn’t like my coat† The individual maintains his ain internal life place by utilizing his filter. Stroke Profile: The stroking profile was foremost developed by Jim McKenna and was described in the Transactional Analysis Journal. October 1974. The stroking profile helps to mensurate how a individual gives and receives shots in 4 classs. This can be an effectual curative tool as a individual can so make up ones mind to alter any portion of his/her stroking profile. E. g. a individual may make up ones mind to halt discounting positive shots and to inquire for more of them. * GIVING STROKES IS OK * SAYING NO IS OK* TAKING STROKES IS OK* ASKING FOR STROKES IS OKUsing the stroking profile:1. Rated ourselves in each of the classs above as to how frequently we do these things. 2. Did both positive shots and negative shots. Stroke analysis for SANJUKTA * Sanjukta maintains a perfect balance between giving positive and negative shots. She is speedy to appreciate a occupation good done but is every bit rigorous when the consequence of a occupation is of unsought criterion. * She accepts really small positive shots because she is ever at war with herself to accomplish a far better end product and is ever endeavoring for flawlessness. Furthermore she is even more rigorous in accepting negative shots because she is hard-working and becomes disheartened when people criticize her. * Again we see a balance between her inquiring for positive and negative shots which means she wants to be motivated by both wagess and call on the carpeting whichever is appropriate depending on the quality of the consequence. * We see that she refuses to give more of positive shots than negative 1s which makes her more of an bossy leader than a democratic one. Stroke analysis for SURAJIT * Surajit gives lesser negative shots compared to positive 1s. * When it comes to taking shots he accepts more of positive shots instead than negative shots. * We see here that he asks for negative shots more than positive 1s. We as a squad have besides noticed that he works better when dealt with stringency and tight regulations. * Overall he refuses to give a batch of negative shots as compared to positive 1s which means he is normally really unagitated and would instead retreat into a shell than confronting unfavorable judgment. Stroke analysis for SREELEKHA * We see that Sreelekha gives a immense sum of positive shots and a just sum of negative shots which makes her really friendly among people. * She besides takes a batch of positive shots than negative 1s which means she likes to be appreciated for her attempts. * Again her per centum of inquiring for positive shots is much higher than the per centum of inquiring for negative shots bespeaking her demand for blessing from seniors. * We see than she maintains a balance between declining to give positive every bit good as negative shots. Stroke analysis for ARPANA * Arpana gives a higher figure of positive shots than negative 1s which shows than she is speedy to appreciate a good occupation but doesn’t show her defeated in a bad occupation. * The ratio of taking positive shots is relatively higher than that of negative shots which means she is comforted when she is apprehended for her public presentation. * She once more asks for more positive shots than negative 1s. * We see than she maintains a good balance between declining to give positive every bit good as negative shots.

Food Culture Essay Example

Food Culture Essay Example Food Culture Essay Food Culture Essay Food Culture Name: Course: Date: : Part 1 1. Are there activity studies this semester that could be described as carnivalesque? Carnivalesque refers to the satirical method involving mocking or humoring traditional social hierarchy or authority. For instance, the studies regarding the rites of passage are considered carnivalesque. 2. Why does drink fall under the category of food ways? Drink falls under food ways because they define the cultural practices of a certain group because every cultural group is defined by what they eat. 3. What is the difference between esoteric and exoteric? Directly, esoteric is how we understand ourselves while exoteric refers to how we comprehend others. Reflexively, esoteric is how we understand other people’s understanding of us while exoteric refers to how others realize our understanding of them. 4. Give an example of a food or cuisine that has made a mainstream shift from inedible to edible? An example of a cuisine that shifted from inedible to edible is the Mexican Cuisine. At one point, it was regarded as totally inedible and unfit for consumption. 5. What does it mean when we say we consider our bodies to be inviolate? Considering our bodies to be inviolate means that we are undecided about the things that enter and leave our body. 6. What does it mean to make tomatoes? Making tomatoes refers to the process of integrating authentic ingredients into various cuisines, which are edible and palatable. 7. How is food associated with ideas of nationalism? 8. Food is associated with nationalism because it represents the culture of a particular group. For instance, traditional foods such as chilies and tortillas are reminiscent of the Mexican culture and hence describe the culture and its region. 9. Can pre-packaged or manufactured foods be considered traditional? Why or why not? Pre-packaged or manufactured foods cannot be considered traditional. This is because they are processed and thus unnatural and not part of the native population. 10. What is the structure of a rite of passage? A rite of passage is comprised of a tri-partite structure. The three components of the structure are separation, liminal period and reassimilation. What is the difference between something being unpalatable and something being inedible? Something that is unpalatable refers to something that is unpleasant in taste regarding food or drink. On the other hand, something that is inedible refers to something that is not fit for human consumption disregarding the notion of taste. Part 2 3. Why should we study food and culture? What does the folklorist bring to its study? Food is a basic and necessary requirement in our society. It is necessary because it contributes to human beings’ existence. In relation to culture, food is defined by a variety of normal cultural structures. These cultural structures are what we eat, the way we eat, with whom do we eat and when we eat. Concerning culture, lack of resources such as transportation facilities limited the mobility of food in historical context hence associating food with place. Furthermore, food is associated with place depending on its availability through trade. For instance, barter trades were common in past societies and they usually involved the exchange of various goods, which mostly comprised foodstuffs. In the past, there were limited methods of storing food. Because of this, food, which is a perishable good, spoiled. Thus, food is associated with time and season. For instance, specific foods such as maize and wheat go through different times of harvests. Moreover, environmental change co mprising the change in seasons influences the perishability and storage of food. Moreover, food is related to tradition because of the passing down of cooking as a skill from elders to novices. This can be identified by eating particular foods at a particular time because other related people did so. For instance, the Thanksgiving Dinner is a tradition that was passed down from the Pilgrims to the modern American society. Food is also associated with belief because the rules governing dietary are often dictated through prescriptions such as religious interdictions. Such interdictions refer to foods that are forbidden. For instance, the Islam religion forbids the consumption of pork. Moreover, belief also extends to non-religious proscriptions. This can be identified by the non-consumption of beef and beef related products by vegetarians. Food is essential to survival therefore, it is associated with corporeality. Consequently, food is associated with hospitality because it is costly . Food is also associated with nutrition because people require certain varieties of food to be healthy. For instance, balanced diets are emphasized in relation to consumption in order to encourage healthy lifestyles and restrict consumption of unnecessary or dangerous food. The folklorist attempts to identify the artistic communication involved among individuals and groups in an informal setting. In relation to food, the folklorist tries to identify the various aesthetic components comprising food in relation to diverse groups based on the food consumed. For instance, the folklorist attempts to identify folklore in a typical sandwich. By understanding the creation and consumption of the snack, the folklorist deduces that sandwiches are personal and aesthetic expectations. Sandwiches are also perceived to be informal because the instructions for their construction are transmitted through informal channels. Snadwiches are also deemed to be democratic and appear in popular cultures. Sandwiches are also authentic despite being in a popular culture. Thus, folklorists attach anthropological and deep meaning respective of culture to various objects such as food in the society.

Using Meter

Using 'Meter' Meter is one of those verbs that can mean a wide variety of things depending on the context. Much like poner, with which its meanings overlap, it often carries the idea of interjecting someone or something into a place or situation. Meter has no direct English equivalent, although it is a cousin of words such as permit, commit and mission. It has no apparent connection with the verb to mete nor the noun meter. Meter comes from the Latin verb mittÄ•re, which meant to let go or to send. Meter is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of beber and many other verbs. It is frequently used reflexively. The most common translations for meter are to put and to place. Some examples: El empresario metià ³ el dinero en un banco suizo. The businessman put the money in a Swiss bank. Yo metà ­ la cabeza debajo de la almohada para no oà ­rla. I placed my head underneath the pillow so I wouldnt hear her. Cuando vamos a meter peces en el acuario, debemos seguir unas pautas. When were going to put fish in the aquarium, we should follow some guidelines. La chef metià ³ una pizza encima de papel de aluminio en el horno. The chef placed a pizza on top of aluminum foil in the oven. Van a la playa y meten los pies en el agua. Theyre going to the beach and putting their feet in the water. A la edad de ocho aà ±os, su padre lo metià ³ en la escuela jesuita. At the age of eight, his father put him in the Jesuit school. Go into or enter is a good translation in some situations: Un intruso se metià ³ en la casa de la cantante. An intruder entered the singers house. Se metieron en la oficina, cerrando la puerta. They went into the office, closing the door. In sports, meter can mean to score: El otro dà ­a nos metieron dos goles ilegales. The other day they scored two illegal goals against us. Meter can be used to refer to getting involved with something, often in a negative sense such as meddling: No es necesario meter a Dios en estas cosas. It isnt necessary to get God involved in these things. No te debes meter en mi vida. You shouldnt involve yourself in my life. Mis jefes se meten en mis asuntos privados. My bosses are meddling in my private affairs. In some circumstances, meter can mean to give, so once in a while its meaning overlaps with dar: Abrà ­ un mensaje una vez y se me metià ³ un virus. I opened a message one time and it gave me a virus. La policà ­a me metià ³ cuatro multas por tirar papeles. The police gave me four tickets for littering. Sources: Sample sentences have been adapted from a variety of sources that include Perià ³dico Santa Pola, ABC.es, Interzoo, Wattpad, El Paà ­s (Spain), es.Yahoo.com, Taringa.net, Zasca.com and Compartir Tecnologias.

How does stock price and dividends reflect the value of the firm Term Paper

How does stock price and dividends reflect the value of the firm - Term Paper Example For example, if a corporation issues 100 shares in total, each share provides 1% ownership to the shareholder in the company. Share prices can increase or decrease based on the market conditions and the performances of the company. Corporations often keep certain percentage of its annual profits for future expansion of the company and pay certain percentage of the profits to its shareholders. The annual profit paid to the shareholders by the company is often referred as dividends. The amount of dividend supplied to the shareholders in a particular year depends on the profit achieved by the company in that particular year. In other words, when the company gets more profits, the shareholders get more dividends and vice versa. This paper analyses the importance of stock price and dividends with respect to the value of the firm. â€Å"A company's worth - its total value - is its market capitalization, and it is represented by the company's stock price. Market cap is equal to the stock p rice multiplied by the number of shares outstanding† (What is a company's worth, and who determines its stock price?, 2011). When the company grows or performs well, its share prices will increase whereas when the company underperforms, its share prices will decreases. When a company shows signs of growth, more demand will be created in the share market for its shares. Share purchasers often offer higher prices to the shares of growing companies and the shareholders who sell their share or stake in a growing company may get higher prices in the share market. â€Å"A company’s value for many investors is its ability to generate a satisfactory return over a long holding period. A number of things including financial strength, market dominance, growth potential, and so on, determines that value† (Little, 2011). For example, recently, the share value of many companies dropped drastically because of global financial crisis; however the share value of many other compan ies did not undergo many fluctuations as a result of the recent crisis. The companies which performed better in share market even in the crisis situations are generally perceived as better companies and the investors may invest more heavily in those shares. The share prices of better performing companies may not dip drastically even in unfavorable market conditions. In short, share price of a company is directly proportional to the growth of the company; when the company grows, the share prices will increase and when the company underperforms, share prices will decrease. Since dividend is a portion of annual profit made by a company, no company would be able to pay dividends to the shareholders when it underperforms. At the same time, it is not necessary that a company which is able to pay higher dividends is better than some other companies which are paying fewer dividends or no dividends at all. The value of the company can be better judged based on its operations or activities. O nly by generating more cash than it needs to finance its operating plan, should a company pay a dividend. Thus, for a company like Google with attractive growth opportunities, dividends are basically irrelevant to estimate its value. For mature companies, late in their life-cycle, paying dividends is a way to ensure management does not waste funds on silly projects, or build empires. Further, when a company is relatively mature, and it establishes a well-communicated dividend program, it attracts a particular investor

Anishinabe people and our homeland Research Paper

Anishinabe people and our homeland - Research Paper Example The truth is emphasized on ensuring that young people get well prepared to face new phase of their journey in all the steps of life. The basic learning experiences through the term involve several aspects. One of the aspects is enabling students to have a critical way of thinking. The teaching and learning goals may be very different (Audlin, 55). The learning experiences within this term ensure that an individual is capable of monitoring his or her own mind habits. The individual is also facilitated with basic intellectual capabilities as well as personal qualities. Learning through the term was fostered towards helping the students develop analysis capabilities where they can explain problems and develop an argument about same problem X using concept Y as depicted through the clan system of learning. Comprehension of concepts by students is evidenced by their position to analyze situation X and the ability to distinguish the concepts from common misconception (Trudeau, 34). The clan system insists on different outcomes at the end of a given term. For instance, by the end of this term, the clans system insists that all the students should have acquired basic analysis and be able to explain human behavior in terms of relationships among multiple factors (John, DeWitt, and Erwin 139). In a wider range, students should be able to understand how marginality is the broader learning category, linked to the understanding of nature (Trudeau, 54). The learning experiences are characterized by engaging activities that optimized every learner’s learning both in time and effectiveness. The term was also characterized by both hybrid learning and blended learning. Per se, the two terms mean a mix of online learning activities and quizzes with instructors-led teaching. Most of the instructors maintained a ‘coach on the side’ ways of teaching other than ‘sage on the stage’ methods. The learning activities were flexible

The Importance Of Flood Inundation Modeling Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Flood Inundation Modeling Environmental Sciences Essay In recent years, flood inundation models become important increasingly in both flood forecasting and damage estimation as it provides the basis for the decision making of flood risk management. Such models are mainly used to simulate flood inundation extent and depths at different sections of the studied flood rivers. With their help, hydrologists are able to study and analyse the hydrologic systems of floods well. This project was initiated to further understand the flood model Lisflood-FP global climate change and predict the future intensity of precipitation and temperature in Singapore. This will allow engineers and other professionals to gauge the intensity of the future weather and conduct necessary works to prevent unwanted event like flooding, from happening. Background Floods are the most destructive and recurring natural disasters all over the world and a wide range of the world population and their property is at the risk of flooding. Thus, one of the crucial tasks in quantifying the damage estimation of the flood events is that determining the reliable prediction of potential extent and water depth of flood inundation. In General, flood inundation predications are used to service the decision-making in design urban planning in future. The principle of predication are derived from single realisation of numerical hydraulic models and applied on a forward-modeling framework (BatesandDe Roo, 2000). Despite calibration studies are underway to determine a single parameter set that optimises the model fit to some observed data, the confidence level of the predicted results becomes a major problem for decision makers. If the uncertainty is considered in terms of input parameters (e.g. geographical information, hydrological data, hydraulics parameters, and boundary conditions), only a small portion of a typical issue might be regarded as certain or deterministic. The rest inevitably contains uncertainty that arises from the complexity of the system, lack of knowledge or human-induced errors. In previous studies, the uncertainty sources associated with the flood inundation modeling have been generalised into three categories, such as input data, hydraulics parameters and model structures (Bales and Wagner, 2009). Different uncertainty techniques (e.g. Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) have been applied into the flood inundation modelling to assess the uncertainty derived from one or multiple factors. However, limited studies have been further discussed the sensitivity of uncertainty sources like roughness coefficients. Moreover, the uncertainty analysis methods applied in previous studies relied heal Objective and Scope This report is a write up on the research of Final Year Project, Flood Inundation Modeling under stochastic uncertainty, had been carried on by the author for the last 10 months. The objective of this project is to systematically study and analyse the impact or effects of uncertainties associated with parameter of roughness coefficient in flood inundation modeling, which is Lisflood-FP Modeling. The predicted data can be used for the predication of future flood inundation and damage estimation under risk analysis. In this report, the following preliminary study works will be covered. To review the one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) hydraulic models for flood inundation modeling, and to review the uncertainty sources associated with the flood inundation modeling process and the available uncertainty analysis methods. To conduct a Monte Carlo simulation to assess the propagation of uncertainty associated with roughness coefficients to the results of flood inundation modeling, in terms of water depths and inundation extent. The scope of this project includes a comprehensive literature review on flood inundation modeling process and recognition of the uncertainty effects from various sources. On the basis of literature review, the impact of the uncertainty of roughness coefficients is to be analysed a hypothetical study case. A conclusion will be made according to the preliminary data analysis and the ideas for futures work will be shaped. Methodology (GLUE) Annual reports of companies and information from public domain were reviewed extensively to identify current GHG emissions reduction measures that are adopted by shipping companies. Academic research papers and reports from agencies such as IMO, DNV and World Shipping Council (WSC) were examined to gather information on the potential and effectiveness of the measures and to identify critical issues. Primary research was conducted through a two-pronged approach of surveys and interviews. Survey questions were designed in accordance to the objective of this study and the questionnaires were posted to container liner shipping companies, both with and without offices in Singapore. A small number of survey responses were anticipated and therefore the surveys were used to capture ground information. The interviews with governmental agency, classification societies and selected shipping companies serve as the second pillar of the primary information collection in this study. Report Structure Figure 1. Report structureThis report includes 5 chapters as shown in Error: Reference source not found. A list of abbreviations and a glossary are also included. This report consists of 6 chapters shown in Figure 1.1. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction of background and scope of this study. Chapter 2 reviews the hydraulic models used for flood inundation modeling, the associated uncertainty sources and the uncertainty analysis methods. In Chapter 3, a 2-D hydraulic model is established for a study case adapted from a real world river system, where the model configuration and simulation results are introduced. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 discuss the effects of the uncertainty of the roughness coefficients on flood inundation modeling. In Chapter 6, a summary is made and the ideas for future studies are presented. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS The information acquired through various literature reviews are discussed in this chapter to understand the background of floods and flood hazards, as well as the importance of flood inundation modeling. On the other hand, the 1-D/2-D hydrodynamic models for simulating both channel and floodplain flows were reviewed respectively. Subsequently, an overview of this chapter is provided. 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Floods Throughout the long human history, floods are the most frequently occurring natural hydrological phenomena, which consist of the futures such as water depth, flow velocity, and temporal and spatial dynamics. The regular-magnitude floods occur every year at the expected stream flow range. It is beneficial to provide fertilise soil with nutrients, transport large quantities of sediment and deposit on the floodplain, and clean-up a river with any stagnant contaminates. However, some floods become disasters due to the extreme events, which happen suddenly without any warning, such as storm, dam break, storm surge and tsunami. As a result, their significant impacts cause imponderable damage on human society and ecosystems, particularly in terms of life loss and property damage. Flood can be defined as water body rises to overflow the lands where is not normally submerged with the perspective of flooding wave advancement (Ward, 1978). This definition includes two main flood types, namely river floods and costal floods. River floods are mostly arising from excessively or long-drawn-out rainfall, thus the river discharge flow exceeding the stream channels capacity and overtopping the banks and embankments. Especially in urban area, floods may also take place at the sewage drains when the heavy storms water surcharged in and overflow the drains. In addition, some natural or man-induced catastrophe could result in the water level is risen up suddenly and then overflow the river bank or dam. The reasons why the costal floods appear are usually originated from the severe cyclonic weather systems in terms of a combination of high tides, elevated sea level and storm surges with large waves. The inundation at coastal areas may results from the overflowing as the water level exceeds the crest level of defense, or from the overtopping as the waves run up and break over the defense, or defense structure failure itself (Reeve and Burgess, 1994). Furthermore, tsunami can cause long ocean waves due to the great earthquake and resulting in coastal floods. 2.1.2 The flood hazard Flood hazard is defined that those floods generate pop-up threats to the life and properties of human beings at the flood-prone areas where man had encroached into. The hazard level is validated by a combination of physical exposure and human vulnerability to the flood inundation process. Floods have been regarded as the top of the most destructive hazards from everlasting. In China, floods account for about 1/3 of all the natural catastrophes and responsible for 30% of the overall economic losses (Cheng, 2009). Furthermore, some south-east Asian countries are flood-prone areas, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Myanmar, which are bearing the disasters from the frequent river and coastal floods. In 2004, the mega-quake, which exceeds magnitude of 9.0, induced a series of destructive tsunamis with the highest wave of 30 meters along the coasts bordering the Indian Ocean. There were over 230,000 victims lost their lives in around 14 countries. Hence, Indonesia was the hardest hit, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand (Paris et al., 2007). Moreover, the tropical cyclone Nargis happened on 2nd May, 2008 attacked the Southwest Coast of Myanmar. There were 24 million people been affected and approximately 50,000 to 100,000 people been killed (Kenneth, 2008). However, flooding is not only the critical issue in Asian, but also in the entire world. In 1927, the United States met the most devastating flooding of the Mississippi River in American history. The levee system was broken out and submerged 27,000 km2. Because of millions of population living along the Mississippi River, it led over 400 million US dollars in loss and 246 human deaths (Barry, 1998). In Europe, Netherlands had affected by the critical river floods in the past years since the most areas are below the sea level. The worst flood disaster happened in 1953 killed 1,835 people, covered almost 200,000 hectares of land, destroyed 3,000 family houses and 200 farms, and drowned 47,000 heads of cattle (Lamb and Knud, 1991). The facts mentioned above proven that the global flooding management is increasingly vital to protect millions of worldwide population from the severe threat. However, because of the high costs and inherent uncertainties, it is impossible and unsustainable to build up the absolute flood protection system, but it can be managed to reduce the hazard to lives and property by the most cost-effective measures. Therefore, flood inundation models become the most useful predictive tools which are used to evaluate and analyse the flood hazards, as well as to improve and mitigate the flood risk management. 2.1.3 The Importance of flood inundation modeling From the perspectives of physical processes and anthropogenic influence, the floodplain is a dynamic flow environment. Since it is much difficult to handle the confliction between maximising benefit-over-cost ratio and minimising the human impact, the application of inundation modeling becomes the most likely moderate approach for flood management strategy. Actually, the final objective of flood inundation studies could be minimise susceptibility and vulnerability to loss in both economy and human lives aspects (Parker, 1995). Therefore, it is necessary to use flood inundation models to simulate and predict the possible impacts of floodplain development. The principle of flood inundation models is to allow the upstream flood flow to discharge directly to the downstream flood extent. Those models become much valuable and helpful flood predictive tools which are able to apply in different real and virtual scenarios for analysis. In comparison with those traditional statistical models, which are according to all the numeral data observations of past flood events, the largest advantages of physically-based inundation models are their capability of spatial and temporal variables in terms of discharge, water level, velocity, flow duration and inundation extent, on the processive flood events. Meanwhile, they also support the hydro-system operation, flood warning, risk quantification and decision making for the design and planning of flood mitigation measures. Besides, the flood risk maps are able to be determined on the basis of the flood inundation modeling results. They are static two-dimensional maps indicating the flood probability with flood depth and extents, which is usually generated through flood uncertainty quantification techniques, i.e. Monte Carlo Simulation. They are widely adopted by government and insurance company to delineate areas of land at high risk and guide the investment and emergency response strategies. 2.2 LISFLOOD-FP Flood Inundation Model A flood inundation model is an intergraded flood simulation model-chain which includes an estimation of stochastic rainfall, a simulation of rainfall-runoff and an inundation model of flood development (McMillan and Brasington, 2008). For stochastic rainfall estimation of certain catchment, according to the available precipitation records, a long synthetic rainfall series could be created. Hereafter, these series are applied into a rainfall-runoff model to generate the corresponding discharge estimation series. And the estimations of discharge are imported into a 2-D hydrodynamic model, which utilizes high-resolution elevation data to enable urban floodplain modeling at the smallest scales and paves the way for additional modules for vulnerability and damage assessment. Finally, the flood inundation model is expected to run within a proven uncertainty estimation framework and subsequently to compare with the real-world scenarios for model calibration and allow explicit uncertainties analysis. LISFLOOD-FP model is one of the most popular flood inundation models all over the world (Bates and De Roo, 2000). It is a coupled 1D/2D hydraulic model on the basis of a raster grid. LISFLOOD-FP model treats the flooding as an intelligent volume-filling process from the perspective of hydraulic principles by embodying the key physical notions of mass conservation and hydraulic connectivity. 2.2.1Principles of LISFLOOD-FP Model 2.2.1.1Model Structure and Concepts The basic components of the LISFLOOD-FP model is a raster Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (Bates and De Roo, 2000) of resolution and accuracy suf ¬Ã‚ cient to identify surface roughness for both the channel (location and slope) and those elements of the  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡oodplain topography (dykes, embankments, depressions and former channels) considered necessary to  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ood inundation prediction. A  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ood consists of a large, low amplitude wave propagating down valley (Bates and De Roo, 2000). When the bankful  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow depth is reached, water stops to be contained only in the main river channel and water spills onto adjacent shallow gradient  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡oodplains. These  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡oodplains act either as temporary stores for this water or additional routes for  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow conveyance. C:UsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers703775521QQWinTempRichOle[[emailprotected]){LA]KX[A1$UE8M8AV.jpg Figure 1 Conceptual model of the LISFLOOD-FP flood inundation model (Wilson, 2003a; 2003b) 2.2.1.2 Assumptions for LISFLOOD-FP Model In order to design a physical model simulating the flood development and to simply the numerical computation, the assumptions are stated as followings: The flow within channel can be represented by the kinematic wave approximations. The channel is assumed to be so wide and shallow that the wetted perimeter is approximated by the channel width. The flood flow can be gradually varied. Both In-channel and Out-of-channel flooding flow are treated as raster grids by using a series of storage discretised cells. Flow between storage cells can be calculated using analytical uniform flow formulas, i.e. the Saint-Venant and Manning equations. There is no exchange of momentum between main channel and floodplain flows, only mass is exchanged. 2.2.2 In-Channel Flow The hydraulic models consist of two main processes, representing the flow within the channel (In-channel Flow) and flow on the floodplain (Out-of-channel Flow). But we ignore the effects at the channel- ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡oodplain interface development of intense shear layers leads to a strongly turbulent and three-dimensional  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow  ¬Ã‚ eld. In this project, one of the objectives is to quantify the uncertainty associated with the inundation process. In-channel Flow is defined that the channel flow is below bankful depth. Thus, the flow process is represented by using a classical one-dimensional hydraulic routine approach (1-D approach), which is described in terms of a simplification of the full one-dimensional St. Venant equation system (Knight and Shiono, 1996), which leads to a kinematic wave approximation obtained by eliminating local acceleration, convective acceleration and pressure terms in the momentum equation. 2.2.2.1 Saint-Venant Equations Due to simplicity of computation and ease of parameterization, the one-dimensional (1-D) Saint-Venant equations have been the most widely adopted approach for unsteady open channel flow. The partial differential Saint-Venant equations comprise the continuity and momentum equations under the following assumptions (Chow et al. 1988): Flow is 1-D, and depth and velocity vary only in the longitudinal direction of the channel. Velocity is constant, and the water surface is horizontal across, any section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Flow varies gradually along the channel so that hydrostatic pressure prevails and vertical accelerations can be neglected. The longitudinal axis of the channel is approximated as a straight line. The bottom slope of the channel is small and the channel bed is fixed. The effects of scour and deposition are negligible. Resistance coefficients for steady uniform turbulent flow are applicable so that relationships (e.g. Mannings equation) can be used to describe resistance effects. The fluid is incompressible and constant density throughout the flow. Therefore, the continuity equation states that the change in discharge with distance downstream (), and the change in the cross-sectional area of flow over time () are in balance. Thus, the lateral inflow ( ) to or from the channel and floodplain can be expressed as (Wilson, 2004). (2.1) where Q is the volumetric discharge in channel [L3/T], x is the longitudinal distance along the channel [L], t is time interval [T], A is the cross-sectional area of flow [L2] and q is the lateral inflow from other sources per unit length along channel [L2/T]. The momentum equation states that total applied forces is equal to the rate of momentum change in each unit of flow, plus the net outflow of momentum (Chow et al. 1988). For this project, the full dynamic wave equations can be simplified in terms of kinematic wave model. The assumptions are that local acceleration, convective acceleration and pressure terms are ignored, and the flow gravitational forces are equal to the frictional resistance force. The momentum equation can be written as: (2.2) where is the down-slope of the bed [-] and is the slope of friction [-] Roughness coefficients are defined as the resistance to flood flows in channels and floodplains. To introduce Mannings roughness ( n ), the Manning Equation is chosen. Therefore, the friction slope in the momentum equation can be described as: (2.3) where R is hydraulic radius [L]. Substituting the hydraulic radius, the momentum equation can be written as: (2.4) where n is the Mannings coefficient of friction and P  is the wetted perimeter of the flow [L]. However, for the Equation (2.4), there are some limitations such as only considering the down gradient hydraulic characteristics, and neglecting the backwater effects and shock waves. 2.2.2.2 Numerical Solution The 1-D Saint-Venant Equations are discretized using numerical methods of a finite difference approximation (Chow, 1988). Stream flow and cross section values are calculated with a simple linear scheme that uses a backward-difference method to derive the finite difference equations. Therefore, they are combined to obtain the following equations: (2.5) where Q is the volumetric discharge in channel [L3/T], x is the longitudinal distance along the channel [L], t is time interval [T], q is the lateral inflow from other sources per unit length along channel [L2/T], and is the geometry and frication factor of channel which is written as: (2.6) where is the Manning friction coefficient [T/ L1/3], is the channel width [L], and is the channel slope. Meanwhile, the finite difference equation can be set up in order to calculate the quantity Qi,j at each node (i, j), where i represents the space and j the time : (2.7) (2.8) in order to create a linear equation, the value of Q in the expression of Equation (2.5) is found by averaging the following values : (2.9) Note: All Equations variables refer to the definitions in Figure 2 C:UsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers703775521QQWinTempRichOleH37F%N4L(VS%DNUG`X_(I4E.jpg Figure 2 Finite difference box for the linear kinematic wave equation 2.2.3. Channel Discretisation by Mesh Generation In order to conduct the kinematic wave simulation, the flow domain is spatially discretised into discrete elements or grid cells to represent the arbitrary modling area by numerical mesh generation process. It starts at the inflow point of each grid cell with indicator of the direction to the next downstream cell. With the help of Airborne Laser Altimetry (LiDAR) and Stereo Air-photogrammetry, the high-resolution DEM grid cells are able to contain topographic data, such as channel width, bed slope, manning friction coef ¬Ã‚ cient and bankful depth. Therefore, the numerical solution can be approximate obtained with the advantage of high-performance digital computers and high numerical stability. In this project, the regular high resolution rectangular grids mesh generation is adopted. However, despite that the mesh resolution in the region is increased, it resulted in less smooth of friction coefficients. This is because the polygonal area over which the various friction contributi ons were averaged was reduced. 2.2.4 Out-of-Channel Flow Out-of-Channel flow (i.e. Floodplain Flow) is defined that water is transferred from the channel to the adjacent overlying floodplain areas when bankful depth is exceeded by flood. However, the 1-D approach is not suitable to simulate the floodplain flows due to its incapability of capturing velocity variations and free surface across the channel. Thus, floodplain flows can be similarly described in terms of classical continuity and momentum equations, discretized over a grid of square cells, which allows the model to represent 2-dimensional dynamic flow on the floodplain. Therefore, we assume that each cell is treated as a storage volume and the change in cell volume over time is therefore equal to the  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uxes into and out of it during the time step (See Figure 3, Wilson, 2003a; 2003b). (2.10) where is the volume variation [L3] of each cell during time [T], and , , and are the volumetric flow rate [L3/T] respectively coming from the up, the down, the left and the right adjacent cells of the grid. C:UsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers703775521QQWinTempRichOle7L0})O%E([emailprotected] Figure 3 Flows between cells on the floodplain with LISFLOOD-FP (Wilson, 2003a; 2003b) Flow between two cells is assumed to be simply a function of the free surface height difference between these cells, hence the following discretisation of continuity Equation (2.1) (See Figure 4 5) (2.11) (2.12) (2.13) where   is the water free surface height [L] at the cell node (i,j), and are the cell dimensions [L],    is the effective grid scale Mannings friction coefficient for the floodplain, and  and  describe the volumetric flow rates [L3/T] between the floodplain cell node (i,j). C:UsersuserDesktop1.jpg Figure 4 Discretization scheme for floodplain grid C:UsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers703775521QQWinTempRichOleM`G%`D63ODY2$7)H3G4O7OQ.jpg Figure 5 Floodplain Flows between Two Cells The flow depth,  hflow, represents the depth through which water can flow between two cells, and is defined as the difference between the highest water free surface in the two cells and the highest bed elevation (this definition has been found to give sensible results for both wetting cells and for flows linking floodplain and channel cells). 2.3 Uncertainty in flooding inundation modeling It is the key factor to reduce or prevent the level of flood hazards that ensuring prediction accurately of the flood inundation area and providing reliable information of risk. In general, the result produced by flood models is only a single deterministic prediction for the peak flow of the flood. However, the confidence level of the output results would be affected by the uncertainty of input data in terms of peak flow, the topographic data, and the model parameters. As a result, the uncertainty associated with the flood inundation modeling is seldom quantified, It most likely because that the sources of uncertainty are not totally realised and lack of available data to study uncertainty. Uncertainty analysis of LISFLOOD-FP modeling has been studied in recent years. From those reports, the sources of uncertainty can be summarised into three major catalogues in terms of model data inputs, hydraulics parameters and model structures. 2.3.1Model data inputs 2.3.1.1 Hydrologic and meteorological data One of the most dominant input parameters is the design flow, which comes from flood frequency analysis and provides the boundary condition. However, the uncertainty of steamflow is inherent since it is derived from the stage-discharge rating curves on the basis of flood records, especially for the high-return-period flow events. In summary, there are four types of uncertainties associated with the hydrograph of steamflows, namely (1) watershed characteristics; (2) storm precipitation dynamics; (3) infiltration and (4) antecedent conditions. However, the storm precipitation dynamics has the largest impact on the prediction. Furthermore, the overall prediction of hydrologic models could be increase due to uncertainty-added by lacking of understanding of the spatial and temporal variability in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. 2.3.1.2 Topographic data The topographic data is including both land surface digital elevation model (DEM) and river bed bathymetry. It is one of the dominant factors to predict the flood inundation area accurately. It does not only influence the hydrologic modeling process, but also the mapping water surface elevations. Firstly, the extraction of watershed characteristics (e.g. slope, streams and watershed boundaries) from DEM is affected by its resolution, leading to varied discharge values estimated from the hydrologic model. Secondly, the resolution of DEM and the accuracy of bathymetry affect the cross sections extracted for 1-D channel flow simulation and the interpolated meshes (or grids) for 2-D overland flow simulation. Thirdly, Bales and Wagner (2009) investigated the Tar River basin and revealed that high-quality topographic data, along with the appropriate application of hydraulic models are likely the most important factors affecting the horizontal extent and vertical water surface elevations of flood inundation maps. 2.3.2 Model structures The flood inundation models are also sensitive to the channel geometry in terms of cross sections number, cross-sectional spacing in between, finite-element mesh quality and hydraulic structures. Additionally, the type of model (1-D, 2-D or coupled) used in simulating the river hydrodynamics also brings uncertainty to the overall results. The geometry representation of channel is more critical to 2-D and (3-D) models since the elevation is defined at each mesh node distributed throughout the channel and floodplains. Moreover, the mesh generation strategies will affect 2- and 3-D models not only in the prediction of inundation area, but also the computational time (Horritt et al. 2006). 2.3.3 Hydraulics parameters Hydraulic models (e.g. 1-D, 2-D or coupled) used to simulate the river hydrodynamics and water surface elevation in floodplain are sensitive to a set of model parameters. Friction values (Mannings roughness coefficient, n), accounting for effects of variable cross sections, non-uniform slope, vegetation and structures at the sub-grid scale, have a significant impact on hydraulic simulations (Merwade et al., 2008). Mannings roughness coefficient (n), which is commonly assigned by using standard look-up tables for different substrate types, can range from 0.035 to 0.065 in the main channel, and 0.080 to 0.150 in the floodplains (Chow et al. 1988). Distributed data throughout the floodplain are seldom available as a basis for estimating friction values for the model domain. Many of the uncertainties in hydraulic models are lumped in the Mannings n value, such that the models can be calibrated through adjusting such a parameter. The difference in magnitude and changing channel conditions will cause the optimal set of parameters to be found in a slightly different area of the parameter space for each different flood event. Wohl (1998) analysed the uncertainty of Mannings n relative to a commonly used step-backwater model for channel reaches in five canyon rivers. The results indicated that the uncertainties in discharge estimation resulting from the roughness coefficients in step-backwater modeling of paleo-floods were comparable to or lower than those associated with other methods of indirectly estimation flood discharges. Pappenberger et al. (2005) analysed the uncertainty caused by Mannings n (range from 0.001 to 0.9) in the unsteady flow component of the 1-D model HEC-RAS. The results showed that many parameter sets could perform equally well even with extreme values. However, this was dependent on the model region and boundary conditions. Pappenberger et al. (2007) employed a fuzzy set approach for calibrating flood inundation models under the uncertainties of roughness and cross-section. The roughness of channel has been identified as more sensitive than the standard deviation of the cross-sectio n. 2.4 Integrated modeling and uncertainty analysis framework Flood risk maps are critical to help manage the risk of inundation, which are generated based on good understanding of the uncertainty associated with the various variables involved in flood inundation modeling. A sequential process is normally adopted, where hydrologic analysis starts first, and then hydraulic analysis and geospatial processing will follow. Merwade et al. (2008) proposed a conceptual fr